Criminology and identity: A theoretical review / Criminología e identidad: una revisión teórica / Criminologia e identidade: uma revisão teórica

This article is a literature review describing and analysing the main theoretical and empirical developments that have addressed the concept of identity and its role in crime based on criminology and other disciplines. The literature review was based on a search both in Spanish and English in the Web of Knowledge, Scopus, and Scielo databases. The exposition of theoretical proposals follows a chronological and disciplinary field order, including identity perspective, the sociology of deviance, developmental criminology, and several of the leading contemporary approaches. It highlights the dissemination and importance of identity perspective between the 1950s and 1970s and the subsequent criticism that it was reductionist, lacking theoretical support, and not in dialogue with other criminological proposals. Thereupon, emphasis is placed on the subsequent contributions and proposals, which demonstrate the consistency of the concept, as well as its versatility and articulation with different disciplinary approaches to the understanding of the criminal phenomenon. The conclusion highlights the richness of the concept, its projections, and the importance of its revitalisation.

Este artículo es una revisión bibliográfica en la que se describen y analizan los principales desarrollos tanto teóricos como empíricos que han abordado el concepto de identidad y su rol asociado a la delincuencia, desde la criminología y otras disciplinas. La revisión bibliográfica se basó en una búsqueda en español e inglés en las bases de datos Web of Knowledge, Scopus y Scielo. La exposición de propuestas teóricas sigue un orden cronológico y de campo disciplinar, incluyendo la perspectiva de la identidad, la sociología de la desviación, la criminología del desarrollo y algunos de los principales planteamientos contemporáneos. Se destaca la difusión e importancia que tuvo la perspectiva de la identidad entre los años cincuenta y setenta, y la posterior crítica que la señaló como reduccionista, carente de sustento teórico y poco dialogante con otras propuestas criminológicas. Luego se enfatiza en las contribuciones y propuestas posteriores, las que dan cuenta de la consistencia del concepto, así como de su versatilidad y articulación con distintas aproximaciones disciplinares abocadas a la comprensión del fenómeno delictivo. Se concluye destacando la riqueza del concepto, sus proyecciones y la importancia de su revitalización.

Este artigo é uma revisão bibliográfica que descreve e analisa os principais desenvolvimentos teóricos e empíricos que abordaram o conceito de identidade e seu papel associado ao crime, a partir da criminologia e de outras disciplinas. A revisão bibliográfica baseou-se em uma busca em espanhol e inglês nas bases de dados Web of Knowledge, Scopus e Scielo. A apresentação das propostas teóricas segue uma ordem cronológica e disciplinar de campo, incluindo a perspectiva identitária, a sociologia do desvio, a criminologia do desenvolvimento e algumas das principais abordagens contemporâneas. Destaca-se a difusão e importância que a perspectiva identitária teve entre as décadas de 1950 e 1970. E as críticas posteriores que a apontaram como reducionista, carente de respaldo teórico e pouco diálogo com outras propostas criminológicas. Em seguida, destacam-se as contribuições e propostas subsequentes, que dão conta da consistência do conceito, bem como da sua versatilidade e articulação com diferentes abordagens disciplinares destinadas à compreensão do fenómeno criminal. Conclui-se destacando a riqueza do conceito, suas projeções e a importância de sua revitalização.

Indice de calidad de vida percibida en pacientes con trastornos gastrointestinales funcionales en Buenos Aires, Argentina / Perceived Quality of Life Index in Patients with Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders at a Public Hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina

Resumen Los trastornos gastrointestinales funcionales (TGF) son enfermedades crónicas que configuran un problema relevante en la salud pública, asociados en investigaciones previas a una peor calidad de vida. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue estudiar la calidad de vida en pacientes que acuden a un servicio de neurogastroenterología en un hospital de Argentina y compararlo con población control. Para ello, se realizó un estudio cuantitativo y transversal incluyendo población clínica diagnosticada con algún TGF (n = 35) y una muestra control sin diagnóstico de TGF (n = 37). Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre personas con TGF y sujetos control, X 2 (1, N = 70) = 30.23,p < .001 en todas las subdimensiones de la escala de calidad de vida (MQLI), exceptuando satisfacción espiritual (PE). Similar a investigaciones previas, los resultados de este estudio sugieren que, en Argentina -al igual que en otros países-, los individuos con TGF muestran una peor percepción de calidad de vida que la población general. Estos hallazgos podrían contribuir al diseño de intervenciones que contemplen variables biopsicosociales, con el objetivo de una mejoría integral en la calidad de vida de las personas que padecen estos trastornos.

Abstract Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (FGDS) are chronic diseases that constitute a relevant public health problem, associated in previous research with a poorer quality of life. The aim of this study was to study the quality of life in patients attending a Neurogastroenterology Service at an Argentinean public hospital and compare it with a control population. A quantitative and cross-sectional study was carried out including a clinical population diagnosed with some FGD (n = 35) and a control sample without diagnosis of FGD (n = 37). Significant differences were found between people with FGD and control subjects, X 2 (1, N = 70) = 30.23, p < .001 in all sub-dimensions of the Quality of Life Index (MQLI), except Spiritual Fulfillment (SF). Similar to previous research, the results of this study suggest that individuals with FGD show a worse perception of quality of life than the general population. These findings could contribute to the design of interventions that contemplate biopsychosocial variables, with the aim of a comprehensive improvement in the quality of life of people with these disorders.

Factores psicológicos de los estudiantes universitarios y calidad de vida: Una revisión sistemática prepandemia / Psychological factors of university students and quality of life: A systematic review pre-pandemic

Resumen El presente trabajo es una revisión sistemática documental para el desarrollo de un marco de referencia sobre los factores psicológicos de estudiantes universitarios en relación con la calidad de vida prepandemia. Se utilizó un método cualitativo descriptivo a través de una revisión sistemática documental a partir de la metodología PRISMA (Khan et al., 2003; Moher et al., 2009). Como fuente de información, se utilizaron trabajos publicados en las bases de datos RedALyC, Scopus, Elsevier, EBSCO, Springer Link, Medline y Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection durante el período 2015 al 2020. Para el análisis descriptivo, se seleccionaron 29 documentos que cumplían con los criterios de selección en el marco del proceso de búsqueda, identificación, selección, elección e interpretación. Los resultados muestran la prevalencia de estudios de tipo cuantitativo, así como el interés vigente por el momento del ciclo vital adolescencia-juventud en uno de sus contextos de desarrollo: la universidad, y los factores psicológicos sumados a los aspectos contextuales emergentes como la ansiedad, la ideación suicida y la depresión. Asimismo, se evidencia el efecto de estos aspectos en la percepción de la calidad de vida y del bienestar psicológico y emerge el concepto de estilos de vida como variable que actúa como producto y condición en el desarrollo de los estudiantes en esta etapa del ciclo vital. Finalmente, se evidencian categorías como la inteligencia emocional, la resiliencia y el afrontamiento, que se constituyen en insumos para formular propuestas que permitan favorecer el desarrollo de adolescentes-jóvenes en el contexto universitario.

Abstract This work presents a systematic documentary review for the development of a frame of reference on the psychological factors of university students in relation to the pre-pandemic quality of life. Psychological factors are understood as psychological well-being and present the development of individual capabilities and human growth from self-acceptance, autonomy, positive relationships, life purpose and personal growth, which reflect attitudes and values of people, which are directly related to their quality of life. Likewise, it is evident in the literature that the stage of university life is framed by biopsychosocial changes that establish it as a period of attention for mature development and is considered as a transition for the later stages of the human life cycle. In this sense, from an ecological theory perspective, the environment in which people relate has a direct influence on their formative development (Bronfenbrenner, 1987), since the levels of environment in which they are immersed determine positive or negative behavior, affecting their social and cultural conditions (Shelton, 2019). Therefore, changes in behavior are associated with some risk factors that can affect the health and quality of life of university students. The methodological approach used is focused on a descriptive qualitative study, through a systematic documentary review by the PRISMA methodology (Khan et al., 2003 y Moher et al., 2009) with the main characteristics, trends and particularities existing in the literature on psychological factors in young university students. For the systematic review of this work, we chose to use the five stages called: Search, Identification, Screening, Eligibility, and Interpretation. The Search procedure was initiated from the categories of psychological factors related to the quality of life in university students and from the search equations. As a source of information, papers published in the databases of RedALyC, Scopus, Elsevier, EBSCO, Springer Link, Medline and Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection during the period between January 2015 and first half of the year 2020 were used. For the Identification stage, inclusion and exclusion criteria were elaborated considering articles published in scientific journals of psychology and health in the period covered. In the Screening stage, they found a total of 41 950 papers in 82 journals registered in the databases. The following were eliminated: 28 125 papers outside the selection period, 1 457 duplicate studies, and 11 733 articles from other disciplines. Therefore, in the Eligibility stage, 635 papers were selected for the reading of the title and summary; of these, 263 documents were chosen for the reading of the complete texts and, a total of 29 papers were left in the last stage of Interpretation for the study and analysis of the results. The results show the prevalence of quantitative studies, as well as the current interest for the moment of the life cycle of adolescence-youth in one of its developmental contexts: the university; and the psychological factors added to the contextual aspects involved in the emergence and approach of problems such as anxiety, suicidal ideation and depression. Likewise, the effect of these aspects on the perception of quality of life and psychological well-being is evident. Similarly, the concept of lifestyles emerges as a variable that acts as a product and condition in the development of students at this stage of the life cycle. Finally, categories such as emotional intelligence, resilience, and coping are shown to be inputs to formulate proposals that can favor the development of adolescents and young people. In conclusion, it is necessary to carry out more studies on psychological factors and the problems associated with them, as a reflection of the quality of life from the perspective of promoting the health of university students.

Perspectiva social del impacto de la miopía / Social perspective of the impact of myopia

La visión, el más dominante de los sentidos, tiene un papel esencial en cada aspecto y etapa de la vida. Se da por sentada la visión, pero sin ella, resulta difícil la realización de tareas cotidianas como aprender a caminar, leer, conducir y trabajar. La miopía es una alteración visual que se encuentra entre las cinco condiciones, donde su atención clínica ha sido calificada de prioridad inmediata para la Organización Mundial de la Salud. La prevalencia de la miopía y la miopía magna aumentan a nivel mundial a un ritmo alarmante. Existen diversos factores socioeconómicos, psicológicos y sociales que impactan en la calidad de vida de quienes la padecen. De ahí la motivación de realizar un acercamiento a dichas variables para comprender desde una perspectiva social las implicaciones de esta afección visual mediante una búsqueda actualizada de diversos artículos publicados, con el objetivo de identificar los problemas sociales relacionados a la miopía. Se utilizó la plataforma Infomed, específicamente la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud, con todos sus buscadores(AU)

The vision, the dominantest in the senses, has an essential paper in each aspect and stage of the life. It is given by sitting the vision, but without her, it is difficult the realization of daily tasks as learning how to walk, to read, to drive and to work. The myopia is a visual alteration that is between the five conditions where its clinical attention it has been described as immediate priority for the World Organization of the Health. The prevalencia of the myopia and the great myopia increase at world level to an alarming rhythm. Diverse socioeconomic, psychological and social factors that impact in the quality of life of who you/they suffer it, exist of there the motivation of carrying out an approach to this variables to understand from a social perspective the implications of this visual affection by means of a modernized search of diverse published articles, with the objective of identifying the social problems related to the myopia. The platform Infomed was used, specifically the Virtual Library of Health, with all its searchers(AU)

Socio-economic and Psychological Correlates of Postpartum Depression at Six Months

Background : A woman undergoes multiple changes physically and emotionally after childbirth. Mothers also experience emotional changes with a new or additional baby related to breastfeeding demands, problems pertaining to maternal dissonance, childcare stress and difficult infant temperament. Materials and Methods : Overall, 100 women out of 178 women who attended obstetrics and Gynaecology department postpartum in our hospital were selected. Socio-economic factors, psychiatric and maternity characteristics were collected using a standard questionnaire. The main outcome of this study was PPD assessed by Edinburgh postpartum depression scale was used to assess the chief outcome of the study, ie, Postpartum Depression. EPDRS scale consisted of 10 questions that has 4 response scored from 0 to 3, so the highest value shows depressed moods. Results : Final results are of 100 postpartum females with age ranging between 18 and 30 years with a mean value 26.5 years � 4.05, 21.3% dwelling in Urban areas and 15.4% having high education. About 2.1% of study participants had postpartum only Depression, 15.3% had only anxiety alone and 23.2% study participant had both. When we look at severity, 8.8%, 10.6%, 2.9%, and 0.4% suffered from Mild, Moderate, Severe and extremely severe Postpartum Depression, respectively. 14.2%, 9.2%, 6.9% and 3.9% suffered mild, moderate, severe, and extremely severe Postpartum anxiety, respectively. Conclusion : Around 23% female patients in our hospital suffer from Postpartum Depression and/or anxiety. Very low Socio-economic levels, past history of Depression and Anxiety, mothers� education and occupation levels, family support during pregnancy, mothers� stress levels are important predictors.

CAN ANXIETY LEVEL DURING TRAINING AND COMPETITION AFFECT THE PERFORMANCE SCORE AMONG ELITE YOUTH SHOOTERS? A CORRELATION STUDY

BACKGROUND: Shooting is one of the sports that can be taken up by an individual regardless of age and gender for professional involvement. It has higher mental fitness demands, which might re?ect the ranking in top-level competition. However, it is unclear what type of anxiety affects the performance score. Therefore, the current study is to find the anxiety pattern, i.e., cognitive, somatic, and self-confidence among the elite youth shooters during training and competition correlating with their sports performance. METHOD: We analyzed the sports performance during training and competition and conducted Personal interviews with elite youth pistol and rifle shooters. The subject's Mental fitness was assessed by using the Competitive state anxiety inventory-2 methodology, which was evaluated just before 30mins on two occasions and correlated with scoring sheets. RESULTS: The Difference in mean of COGNITIVE ANXIETY score during match day and training day was statistically significant (p-value >0.05). The Difference in mean of SOMATIC ANXIETY, SELF CONFIDENCE, SCORE-TRAINING during match day and training day was not statistically significant. (p-value >0.05). CONCLUSION: Thus competitive anxiety is one of the determinant factors experienced by young elite shooters, and training them with appropriate modalities can help them to pursue the highest level of performance.

Epidemiological characteristics and psycho-psychological factors of senile arrhythmia in Xining area / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics and psychological factors of senile arrhythmia in Xining area, and provide theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of senile arrhythmia. Methods A total of 518 elderly patients treated in the department of Cardiology in Xining area from June 2018 to June 2020 were selected and divided into control group (without arrhythmia) and study group (with arrhythmia) according to whether the patients were complicated with arrhythmia. All subjects underwent 24h electrocardiographic monitoring to record heart rate, heart rate lead electrocardiogram and 24h dynamic electrocardiogram examination. Refer to the patient's medical records for general information, including age, gender, coronary heart disease, hypertension, etc.; Psychological factors such as depression, anxiety, sleep and quality of life were analyzed. The correlation between PSQI score, HAMA-14 score, HAMD-17 score and arrhythmia was analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. Results Among 518 patients, 305 (58.89%) were complicated with arrhythmia, including 155 males and 150 females, with an average age of 76.15±3.79. Atrial arrhythmia accounted for 38.36% (117/305), sinus tachycardia accounted for 28.52% (87/305). Ventricular arrhythmias accounted for 11.48% (35/305); The incidence of arrhythmia in 70-79 year olds was significantly higher than that in 60-69 year olds (χ2=8.358 , P2=6.801, P2=1.534, P>0.05). The incidence of arrhythmia was significantly higher in patients with hypertension and coronary heart disease (χ2=16.401, χ2=9.772 , P<0.05). There were significant differences in PSQI score, HAMA-14 score, HAMD-17 score between the two groups (P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that PSQI score, HAMD-14 score and HAMD-17 score were positively correlated with the occurrence of arrhythmia in the elderly population in Xining area, with correlation coefficients r=0.417 , 0.607 , 0.653 (P<0.05). Conclusion The incidence of arrhythmia increases in the elderly population in Xining area, mainly in the rural elderly population, which is associated with depression and anxiety and sleep disorders and other psychological factors. Early detection and early intervention can improve the response to treatment and accessibility.

La función sexual y su relación con los factores psicológicos en las mujeres con el síndrome de ovario poliquístico / Sexual function and its relationship to psychological factors in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Introducción: El síndrome de ovario poliquístico tiene un notable impacto en la vida de las personas que lo padecen, siendo las áreas psicológica y sexual frecuentemente afectadas. Objetivos: Realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre la función sexual y su relación con factores psicológicos en mujeres con síndrome de ovario poliquístico. Métodos: Se revisaron las bases de datos Google Scholar, Pubmed Central y SciELO Regional por intermedio del buscador web de Google. Algunos de los aspectos tratados en el artículo fueron los factores psicológicos, las hormonas sexuales y la función sexual, la imagen corporal y el síndrome de ovario poliquístico, y la función sexual y el síndrome de ovario poliquístico. Conclusiones: Los aspectos más estudiados del síndrome de ovario poliquístico han estado relacionados con la conceptualización y fisiopatología de la enfermedad, y las manifestaciones reproductivas y metabólicas. Otros aspectos igualmente importantes como los psicosociales y sexuales han sido muy escasamente abordados y los datos disponibles son contradictorios. Se requieren investigaciones de corte psicosocial para profundizar en las particularidades de la vida psicoemocional y sexual de esta población. Aún existe un campo novedoso poco explorado y permanecen vacíos de información en torno a la sexualidad que por su impacto influyen en el bienestar psicológico y la calidad de vida(AU)

Introduction: Polycystic ovary syndrome has a notable impact on the lives of those who suffer from it, with the psychological and sexual areas frequently affected. Objective: To carry out a literature review on sexual function and its relationship with psychological factors in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Methods: Google Scholar, Pubmed Central and SciELO Regional databases were reviewed through the Google web search engine. Some of the aspects covered in the article were psychological factors, sex hormones and sexual function, body image and polycystic ovary syndrome, and sexual function and polycystic ovary syndrome. Conclusions: The reviewed literature allows affirming that in the Cuban and international context the most studied aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome have been related to the conceptualization and physiopathology of the disease, and its reproductive and metabolic manifestations. Other equally important aspects such as psychosocial and sexual aspects have been very scarcely broached and the available information is contradictory. Psychosocial research is needed to delve deeper into the particularities of the psychoemotional and sexual life of this population. There is still a novel field that has not been sufficiently explored and there are still gaps in the information on sexuality that, due to their impact, influence the psychological well-being and the patients' quality of life(AU)

COVID-19 y factores de riesgo psicológico en docentes, personal administrativo y estudiantes universitarios

La pandemia por COVID-19 ha provocado diversas consecuencias en salud, sociales, psicológicas y económicas en el mundo. En este contexto surgió la necesidad de conocer la intensidad y características de los factores de riesgo psicológicos, en docentes, estudiantes y personal administrativo de la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA). La investigación fue descriptiva de corte transversal, se aplicó un cuestionario virtual en la gestión 2021. Se recopiló información relacionada a COVID-19, al entorno cercano y factores de riesgo psicológico. Se obtuvieron respuestas de 209 docentes, 103 administrativos y 1556 estudiantes. El 28% de docentes, 29% de administrativos y 24.4% de estudiantes indican haber tenido COVID-19. La incidencia acumulada de la enfermedad fue de 2.48 por cada 100 docentes, de 1.76 por cada 100 administrativos y de 4.8 por cada 1000 estudiantes. El personal administrativo fue el más afectado por la pandemia a nivel médico, sin embargo, la velocidad de transmisión del virus fue mayor en docentes. Los estudiantes presentaron más factores de riesgo psicológico, con un nivel "medio-alto" en las cuatro áreas evaluadas: cognitiva, emocional, comportamental y física. Los administrativos alcanzaron un nivel "medio-leve", en las áreas cognitiva y emocional, y los docentes un nivel leve. En los tres grupos, quienes enfermaron con COVID-19 y quienes perdieron un familiar por causa de COVID-19 presentaron mayores factores de riesgo psicológico.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused various health, social, psychological, and economic consequences in the world. In this context, interest arose in knowing the characteristics and intensity of psychological risk factors in teachers, students and administrative staff of the University Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA). The research was descriptive with a cross-sectional design. A virtual questionnaire was applied in 2021. Information related to COVID-19, the immediate environment and psychological risk factors were collected. Responses were collected from 209 teachers, 103 administratives, and 1556 students. Results show that 28% of teachers, 29% of administrative employees, and 24.4% of students indicate that they were infected with COVID-19. Disease accumulated incidence was 2.48 per 100 teachers, 1.76 per 100 administrative staff and 4.8 per 100 students. Administrative employees were most affected by the pandemic at the medical level, however, transmission speed of the virus was higher in the teaching staff. The students had more psychological risk factors, with a "medium-high" level of intensity in the evaluated areas: cognitive, emotional, behavioral and physical. The administrative staff reached a "medium-mild" level of intensity in cognitive and emotional areas, and the teaching staff a mild level. In all three groups, those who had COVID-19 and those who lost a family member due to COVID-19 had more psychological risk factors.

A pandemia do COVID-19 tem causado diversas consequências sanitárias, sociais, psicológicas e econômicas no mundo. Nesse contexto, surgiu a necessidade de conhecer a intensidade e as características dos fatores de risco psicológico em professores, alunos e funcionários administrativos da Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA). A pesquisa foi descritiva com delineamento transversal, foi aplicado um questionário virtual na gestão 2021. Foram coletadas informações relacionadas à COVID-19, ambiente imediato e fatores de risco psicológico. As respostas foram obtidas de 209 professores, 103 administradores e 1.556 alunos. Os resultados mostram que 28% dos professores, 29% dos administradores e 24,4% dos alunos indicam ter tido COVID-19. A incidência acumulada da doença foi de 2,48 por 100 professores, 1,76 por 100 funcionários administrativos e 4,8 por 1000 alunos. O pessoal administrativo foi o mais afetado pela pandemia a nível médico, no entanto, a velocidade de transmissão do vírus foi maior nos docentes. Os estudantes apresentaram mais fatores de risco psicológico, com nível de intensidade "médio-alto" nas quatro áreas avaliadas: cognitiva, emocional, comportamental e física. Os administradores atingiram um nível "médio-leve" nas áreas cognitiva e emocional, e os professores um nível leve. Em todos os três grupos, aqueles que adoeceram com COVID-19 e aqueles que perderam um familiar devido a COVID-19 apresentaram maiores fatores de risco psicológico.

COVID-19 y factores de riesgo psicológico en docentes, personal administrativo y estudiantes universitarios / COVID-19 and psychological risk factors in university teachers, students, and administrative staff / COVID-19 e fatores de risco psicológico em professores, funcionários administrativos e estudantes universitários

La pandemia por COVID-19 ha provocado diversas consecuencias en salud, sociales, psicológicas y económicas en el mundo. En este contexto surgió la necesidad de conocer la intensidad y características de los factores de riesgo psicológicos, en docentes, estudiantes y personal administrativo de la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA). La investigación fue descriptiva de corte transversal, se aplicó un cuestionario virtual en la gestión 2021. Se recopiló información relacionada a COVID-19, al entorno cercano y factores de riesgo psicológico. Se obtuvieron respuestas de 209 docentes, 103 administrativos y 1556 estudiantes. El 28% de docentes, 29% de administrativos y 24.4% de estudiantes indican haber tenido COVID-19. La incidencia acumulada de la enfermedad fue de 2.48 por cada 100 docentes, de 1.76 por cada 100 administrativos y de 4.8 por cada 1000 estudiantes. El personal administrativo fue el más afectado por la pandemia a nivel médico, sin embargo, la velocidad de transmisión del virus fue mayor en docentes. Los estudiantes presentaron más factores de riesgo psicológico, con un nivel medio-alto en las cuatro áreas evaluadas: cognitiva, emocional, comportamental y física. Los administrativos alcanzaron un nivel medio-leve, en las áreas cognitiva y emocional, y los docentes un nivel leve. En los tres grupos, quienes enfermaron con COVID-19 y quienes perdieron un familiar por causa de COVID-19 presentaron mayores factores de riesgo psicológico.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused various health, social, psychological, and economic consequences in the world. In this context, interest arose in knowing the characteristics and intensity of psychological risk factors in teachers, students and administrative staff of the University Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA). The research was descriptive with a cross-sectional design. A virtual questionnaire was applied in 2021. Information related to COVID-19, the immediate environment and psychological risk factors were collected. Responses were collected from 209 teachers, 103 administratives, and 1556 students. Results show that 28% of teachers, 29% of administrative employees, and 24.4% of students indicate that they were infected with COVID-19. Disease accumulated incidence was 2.48 per 100 teachers, 1.76 per 100 administrative staff and 4.8 per 100 students. Administrative employees were most affected by the pandemic at the medical level, however, transmission speed of the virus was higher in the teaching staff. The students had more psychological risk factors, with a medium-high level of intensity in the evaluated areas: cognitive, emotional, behavioral and physical. The administrative staff reached a medium-mild level of intensity in cognitive and emotional areas, and the teaching staff a mild level. In all three groups, those who had COVID-19 and those who lost a family member due to COVID-19 had more psychological risk factors.

A pandemia do COVID-19 tem causado diversas consequências sanitárias, sociais, psicológicas e econômicas no mundo. Nesse contexto, surgiu a necessidade de conhecer a intensidade e as características dos fatores de risco psicológico em professores, alunos e funcionários administrativos da Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA). A pesquisa foi descritiva com delineamento transversal, foi aplicado um questionário virtual na gestão 2021. Foram coletadas informações relacionadas à COVID-19, ambiente imediato e fatores de risco psicológico. As respostas foram obtidas de 209 professores, 103 administradores e 1.556 alunos. Os resultados mostram que 28% dos professores, 29% dos administradores e 24,4% dos alunos indicam ter tido COVID-19. A incidência acumulada da doença foi de 2,48 por 100 professores, 1,76 por 100 funcionários administrativos e 4,8 por 1000 alunos. O pessoal administrativo foi o mais afetado pela pandemia a nível médico, no entanto, a velocidade de transmissão do vírus foi maior nos docentes. Os estudantes apresentaram mais fatores de risco psicológico, com nível de intensidade médio-alto nas quatro áreas avaliadas: cognitiva, emocional, comportamental e física. Os administradores atingiram um nível médio-leve nas áreas cognitiva e emocional, e os professores um nível leve. Em todos os três grupos, aqueles que adoeceram com COVID-19 e aqueles que perderam um familiar devido a COVID-19 apresentaram maiores fatores de risco psicológico.

Psychometric properties of the Brief Symptom Inventory support the hypothesis of a general psychopathological factor

Abstract Introduction The existence of a general factor related to psychiatric symptoms is supported by studies using a variety of methods in both clinical and non-clinical samples. Objectives This study aims to evaluate the replicability of the internal structure of the Brief Symptom Inventory in a large Brazilian sample. Methods Participants were 6,427 Brazilian subjects (81% female). Mean age was 42.1 years (standard deviation [SD] = 13.6, Min = 13, Max = 80). All participants completed the online version of the Brief Symptom Inventory. This scale presents a general score (GSI) and nine specific clusters of symptoms (depression, anxiety, phobic anxiety, interpersonal sensibility, psychoticism, paranoid ideation, obsessive-compulsive behavior, hostility, and somatization symptoms). Results Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to assess the factor structure of the BSI. The results showed that the best-fitting model was a bifactor solution and the general factor was the main dimension explaining most of the reliable variability in the data. Conclusion The findings suggest that the BSI's internal structure was replicated in a non-clinical sample and that the general factor is the most reliable score. However, it is necessary to better understand the meaning of the general factor scores in a non-clinical sample to increase interpretability of scores.

Investigation of Variables that Determine Levels of Self-Esteem in Central American Schoolchildren: A Binary Logistic Regression Model / Investigación de las variables que determinan los niveles de autoestima en los escolares centroamericanos: Un modelo de regresión logística binaria

Resumen El propósito de esta investigación fue examinar el enlace entre los hábitos de actividad física de los niños centroamericanos, su nivel de autoestima, edad y país de origen. Este fue un estudio correlacional de muestras probabilísticas aleatorias por conglomerados, que evaluó 5291 estudiantes matriculados en cuarto, quinto y sexto grado, de los cuales el 52.3 % corresponde a niñas y el 47.7 % a niños, pertenecientes a 74 escuelas en Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Nicaragua y Panamá, con una edad media de 10.90 ± 1.13. En todas las naciones, se utilizó el cuestionario LAWSEQ para medir el nivel de autoestima y se aplicó el de actividad física para la niñez (PAQ-C). Un análisis de regresión logística binaria fue ejecutado para estimar si las variables independientes podrían predecir el nivel de autoestima de los infantes. Los resultados mostraron que el 47 % de los estudiantes se percibió con un bajo nivel de actividad física y, con respecto a la autoestima, quienes poseen de 9 a 10 años tuvieron porcentajes más bajos, con 51.6 % y 47.7 %, respectivamente. En cuanto al país de origen, los niños de Costa Rica y Guatemala tienen un mejor nivel de autoestima que aquellos habitantes de El Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras y Panamá. Además, se determinó que la edad, el nivel de actividad física y el país de origen predecían el 58 % del nivel de autoestima infantil centroamericana. Esto demuestra la importancia de promover la actividad física en dicho sector poblacional, para contribuir al desarrollo de su autoestima.

Abstract This research aimed to examine the relationships between the levels of self-esteem of Central American schoolchildren and their physical activity habits, ages, and countries of origin. This was a correlational study of random cluster probabilistic samples, which evaluated 5,291 students enrolled in fourth, fifth, and sixth grades, 52.3% of whom were girls and 47.7% boys, from 74 schools in Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Panama, with an average age of 10.90 ± 1.13 years. Lawrence's Self-Esteem Questionnaire (LAWSEQ) was used to measure levels of self-esteem, and the physical activity questionnaire for boys and girls (PAQ-C) was applied in all the countries. A binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to estimate the statistical probability that the independent variables (age, level of activity, and country of origin) could predict the level of self-esteem. The results of this investigation showed that 47% of the children under study perceive themselves to have a low level of physical activity and that children from 9 to 10 years had lower percentages of self-esteem with 51.6% and 47.7%, respectively. In terms of country of origin, children from Costa Rica and Guatemala have a better level of self-esteem than those living in El Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras, and Panama. In addition, it was determined that age, level of physical activity, and country of origin predicted 58% of the level of self-esteem of Central American children. This situation shows the importance of promoting physical activity in childhood to contribute to the development of self-esteem.

Resumo O objetivo desta pesquisa foi examinar a ligação entre os hábitos de atividade física de crianças da América Central, seu nível de autoestima, idade e país de origem. Este foi um estudo correlacional de amostras probabilísticas aleatórias por conglomerados, que avaliou 5.291 estudantes matriculados na quarta, quinta e sexta séries do ensino fundamental, dos quais 52,3% correspondem a meninas e 47,7% a meninos, pertencentes a 74 escolas na Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Nicarágua e Panamá, com média de idade de 10,90 ± 1,13. Nesses países, o questionário LAWSEQ foi utilizado para medir o nível de autoestima e o questionário de atividade física para a infância (PAQ-C) foi aplicado. Uma análise de regressão logística binária foi realizada para estimar se as variáveis independentes poderiam predizer o nível de autoestima das crianças. Os resultados mostraram que 47% dos estudantes se perceberam com baixo nível de atividade física e, no que se refere à autoestima, aqueles com 9 a 10 anos apresentaram percentuais menores, com 51,6% e 47,7%, respectivamente. Quanto ao país de origem, as crianças da Costa Rica e da Guatemala apresentam um nível de autoestima superior as de El Salvador, Nicarágua, Honduras e Panamá. Além disso, determinou-se que a idade, o nível de atividade física e o país de origem previam os 58% do nível de autoestima da criança centro-americana. Isso mostra a importância da promoção da atividade física nesse setor populacional, de forma a contribuir para o desenvolvimento de sua autoestima.

Survey on the employment intention in primary healthcare unit of medical undergraduates and analysis of corresponding learning and psychological influencing factors / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To investigate the relationship between medical students' employment intention in primary healthcare unit and their learning and psychological state through a questionnaire survey among clinical undergraduates.Methods:A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 821 graduates of a Medical University in 2017 to investigate their employment intention, learning and psychological status and employment plan. The learning and psychological status was evaluated by a self-designed questionnaire. Independent-sample t test, variance analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were used to examine the relevant factors affecting medical students' employment intention in primary healthcare by SPSS 21.0 version. Results:A total of 810 questionnaires were distributed and 753 questionnaires were included in the analysis. The employment intention of working in primary healthcare units of medical students was (4.61±2.24). Students in the advanced class had lower willingness to work in primary healthcare unit (the group of students with higher entrance examination scores) ( P<0.05), and students with higher learning pressure and greater pressure of doctor-patient relationship were more reluctant to work in primary healthcare units ( P<0.05). In terms of the employment plan, students who focus on their professional counterparts are more willing to work in primary healthcare unit, while those who pay more attention to salary are less willing to work in primary healthcare unit ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Improving the incentive policies for working in primary healthcare unit, actively relieving psychological pressure of medical students, and increasing the training of doctor-patient communication can have a positive effect on improving the willingness of medical students to have an employment intention in primary healthcare unit.

Trastorno por juego en Internet: ¿Existen diferencias en cuanto al género? / Internet gaming disorder: ¿Are there any gender differences?

La evidencia para el diagnóstico y el manejo del trastorno por juego en Internet está creciendo. Factores psicológicos y biológicos están involucrados en su etiopatogenia y estos factores pueden presentar diferentes niveles de contribución al trastorno dependiendo del género del paciente. Teniendo en cuenta que la tasa de individuos masculinos en comparación con la tasa femenina en el trastorno por juego en Internet es de aproximadamente 3:1 y que la mayoría de los estudios disponibles se realizan en poblaciones predominantemente masculinas, se realizó una revisión narrativa, no sistemática, centrada en literatura primaria y seleccionada de una búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed y SciELO. Los términos clave que se utilizaron fueron los siguientes: "Internet Gaming Disorder" y "Internet Gaming Disorder and Gender". Todos los miembros del equipo de investigación participaron en la revisión de la literatura. Todo lo anterior se realizó a fin de presentar una imagen general sobre las diferencias de género en los juegos en línea, que pueda servir para mejorar los conocimientos de los trabajadores de la salud mental sobre este desafiante grupo de pacientes.

The body of evidence for Internet Gaming Disorder is growing. Both psychological and biological factors are involved in its etiopathogenesis and these factors may present different levels of contribution to the disorder depending on the gender of the patient. Taking into account that the rate of male individuals compared with the female rate in the Internet Gaming Disorder is about 3:1 and that most of the available studies are done in predominantly male populations, a non-systematic narrative review was done, focused on primary literature and selected from a search in PubMed and SciELO databases. The key terms used were: "Internet gaming disorder" and "Internet gaming disorder and gender". All members of the research team participated in the review of the literature. All the above was done in order to present a general picture about gender differences in online games, which can be used to improve the knowledge of mental health workers about this challenging group of patients.

Relationship Between Psychological Factors and Inflammatory Bowel Disease / 胃肠病学

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a non-specific intestinal inflammatory disease with unknown etiology and pathogenesis. It may be related to genetic susceptibility, intestinal flora, intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction, environment, diet and psychological factors. In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the role of psychological factors in the management of IBD. This article reviewed the relationship between psychological factors and IBD.

Autocontrol y estilos de apego: su influencia en la conducta delictiva y en la agresión física de adolescentes argentinos / Self-control and attachment styles: their influence on criminal behavior and physical aggression of Argentine adolescents / Autocontrole e estilos de apego: a sua influencia na conduta delitiva e na agressão física de adolescentes argentinos

Resumen La relación entre autocontrol, apego y delito ha sido establecida en numerosos estudios científicos, la mayoría provenientes de países desarrollados. En Latinoamérica son escasos los trabajos que se han dedicado al estudio de la relación entre estas variables. La presente investigación exploró la influencia del autocontrol y del apego sobre dos variables criterio: por un lado, la conducta delictiva general y, por el otro, la conducta de agresión física, en una muestra conformada por 86 adolescentes en conflicto con la ley penal y 86 adolescentes de población general de Argentina de sexo masculino. Dos análisis independientes de regresión logística indicaron que los predictores de ambos criterios difieren entre sí. Los estilos de apego de tipo inseguro discriminaron entre los menores infractores y los no infractores, y el autocontrol fue la única variable que diferenció a los jóvenes con conductas de agresión física de quienes no manifestaron estas conductas. Asimismo, los adolescentes infractores presentaron más riesgo de presentar conductas de agresión física comparados con los de población general. Desde una perspectiva teórica, el trabajo contempló el rol de dos variables incluidas en teorías reconocidas internacionalmente en la explicación de la conducta delictiva. Desde un punto de vista práctico, el estudio de factores de riesgo que demuestren una relación empírica con el delito es fundamental para el diseño de estrategias de prevención e intervención en materia criminal.

Abstract The relationship between self-control, attachment and crime has been established in numerous scientific studies, mostly from developed countries. In Latin America there are scarce works that have been devoted to the study of the relationship between these variables. The present investigation explored the influence of self-control and attachment on two criteria variables: on one hand, general criminal behavior and, on the other, physical aggression behavior, in a sample formed by 86 adolescents in conflict with criminal law and 86 adolescents from the general male population of Argentina. Two independent logistic regression analyzes indicated that the predictors of both criteria differ from each other. Insecure type attachment styles discriminated between juvenile offenders and nonoffenders, and self-control was the only variable that differentiated young people with physical aggression behaviors from those who did not manifest these behaviors. Likewise, offending adolescents presented a higher risk of presenting physical aggression behaviors compared to those of the general population. From a theoretical perspective, the work contemplated the role of two variables included in internationally recognized theories in the explanation of criminal behavior. From a practical point of view, the study of risk factors that demonstrate an empirical relationship with crime is essential for the design of prevention and intervention strategies in criminal matters.

Resumo A relação entre autocontrole, apego e delito tem sido estabelecida em numerosos estudos científicos, a maioria provenientes de países desenvolvidos. Em Latino América são escassos os trabalhos que se tem dedicado ao estudo da relação entre estas variáveis. A presente investigação explorou a influência do autocontrole e do apego sobre dois variáveis critério: por um lado, a conduta delitiva geral e, por outro lado, a conduta de agressão física, numa amostra conformada por 86 adolescentes em conflito com a lei penal e 86 adolescentes de população geral da Argentina de sexo masculino. Dois análises independentes de regressão logística indicaram que os preditores de ambos critérios diferem entre si. Os estilos de apego de tipo inseguro discriminaram entre os menores infratores e os não infratores, e o autocontrole foi a única variável que diferenciou aos jovens com condutas de agressão física de quem não manifestaram estas condutas. Além disso, os adolescentes infratores apresentaram mais risco de apresentar condutas de agressão física comparados com os de população general. De uma perspectiva teórica, o trabalho contemplou o papel de dois variáveis incluídas em teorias reconhecidas internacionalmente na explicação da conduta delitiva. De um ponto de vista prático, o estudo de fatores de risco que demostrem uma relação empírica com ou delito é fundamental para o design de estratégias de prevenção e intervenção em matéria criminal.

Importancia de considerar los factores psicosociales en la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Importance of considering psychosocial factors in diabetes mellitus type 2

RESUMEN Introducción: La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 constituye, a nivel mundial, un problema de salud de creciente importancia y alto impacto sanitario, social y económico. Influyen en ella diversos factores: biológicos, psicológicos, sociales. Sin embargo, a pesar de su relevancia, las variables psicosociales han sido un tema menos explorado e investigado, en comparación con el gran desarrollo y avance en el campo biomédico. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre la problemática de los factores psicosociales presentes en la diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda electrónica, en las bases de datos PubMed, ScienceDirect, SciELO y Dialnet, abarcando el período 2008-2018. Se referencian 49 artículos, teniendo en cuenta el criterio de actualidad, relevancia y pertinencia. Conclusiones: Es importante ampliar la concepción tradicional de los factores de riesgo, a fin de considerarlos desde una perspectiva social. Se suele advertir que los pacientes presentan malestar emocional (depresión, ansiedad, angustia), pese a lo cual no hay suficiente diagnóstico ni tratamiento. La educación diabetológica no es frecuente y la adherencia terapéutica es baja. Es necesario implementar una atención integral y personalizada, donde la familia tenga un rol fundamental. La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 genera cierto grado de discriminación y estigmatización. Algunas problemáticas de los pacientes, como aquellas relativas a la sexualidad, constituyen temas poco visibilizados. Se observan diferencias por género en diversos aspectos de la enfermedad. En síntesis, la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 constituye, actualmente, un gran desafío que debe ser abordado de manera interdisciplinaria(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus constitutes, worldwide, a health problem of increasing importance and great health, social and economic impact. Various factors influence it: biological, psychological, social. However, despite their relevance, psychosocial variables have been a less explored and researched topic, compared to the ample development and advancement in the biomedical field. Objective: To carry out a literature review on the problem of psychosocial factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: An electronic search was carried out in PubMed, ScienceDirect, SciELO and Dialnet databases, covering the period 2008-2018. 49 articles are referenced, taking into account the criteria of relevance. Conclusions: It is important to extend the traditional conception of risk factors, in order to consider them from a social perspective. It is often noted that patients have emotional distress (depression, anxiety, anguish), despite which there is not enough diagnosis or treatment. Diabetes education is not frequent and therapeutic adherence is low. It is necessary to device a comprehensive and personalized attention, where the family has a fundamental role. Type 2 diabetes mellitus generates some degree of discrimination and stigmatization. Some patient issues, such as those related to sexuality, are poorly visible topics. Gender differences are observed in various aspects of the disease. In summary, type 2 diabetes mellitus is currently a great challenge that must be addressed in an interdisciplinary manner(AU)

Detección de talentos: propuesta de un instrumento para la evaluación del aspecto sicológico (CST- 40) / Talent detection: proposal of an instrument for the evaluation of the psychological aspect (CST-40)

El propósito del presente estudio fue el diseño y validez de contenido de un instrumento de evaluación (CST-40), que permita evaluar variables sicológicas fundamentales para el rendimiento deportivo, en el ámbito de la detección de talentos deportivos (autoconfianza, concentración, control de la ansiedad, y motivación). La metodología utilizada consideró una exposición del instrumento a juicio de expertos (5), además de su aplicación experimental junto al Cuestionario de Campeones de Rushall. La muestra estuvo conformada por 115 jóvenes de 10 a 14 años de edad, damas y varones, categorizados talentos deportivos, pertenecientes a 9 disciplinas deportivas a nivel nacional. Los resultados obtenidos muestran una consistencia interna, mediante el α de Cronbash de 0,79, mientras que la correlación en función del Cuestionario de Campeones de Rushall, alcanzo un Indice de Pearson de 0,51.

This study's purpose was the design and content validity of an assessment instrument (CST-40), which allows evaluating fundamental psychological variables for sports performance, in the field of sports talent detection (self confidence, concentration, anxiety control and motivation). The methodology used considered an exhibition of the instrument in the opinion of experts (5), in addition to its experimental application together with the Rushall Champions Questionnaire. The sample consisted of 115 young people from 10 to 14 years old, women and men, categorized sporting talents, belonging to 9 sports disciplines nationwide. The obtained results show an internal consistency, using the Cronbash α of 0.79, while the correlation according to the Rushall Champions Questionnaire reached a Pearson Index of 0.51.

A Study on the Factors Affecting Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents with Epilepsy and Their Families

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of clinical and psychological factors on the quality of life of children and adolescents with epilepsy and their families.METHODS: Children and adolescents with epilepsy and their families (n = 63, age range = 6–17 years) completed questionnaires on epilepsy-related variables, quality of life, children's depressive symptoms, children's anxiety, children's behavioral problems, children's attention problems, parental stress, and parental anxiety. Stepwise regression analysis was performed to determine the significant predictive variables that affect quality of life.RESULTS: In the correlational analysis, children's attention problems (r = 0.363, p = 0.004), parental anxiety (r = 0.377, p = 0.003), parental stress (r = 0.564, p < 0.001), and children's behavioral problems (r = 0.503, p < 0.001) showed a significant correlation with quality of life. Parental stress (β = 0.415, p = 0.001, adjusted R² = 0.345) and children's behavioral problems (β = 0.285, p = 0.02, adjusted R² = 0.345) were significantly related to the quality of life.CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should pay attention to parental stress and children's behavioral problems, which affect quality of life in families with pediatric epilepsy.

Study on the correlation between common diseases of oral mucosa and psychological factors / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@#To explore the relationship between psychological factors and recurrent aphthous ulcer (RAU), oral lichen planus (OLP), and burning mouth syndrome (BMS) and to provide a reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment of the disease.@*Methods@#From July to October 2018, 50 patients with common RAU, refractory RAU, OLP and BMS were selected as the observation group, and 50 healthy participants without major systemic diseases and oral mucosal diseases matched for age and sex served as the control group. The psychological status of the subjects in each group was investigated by questionnaires, including the generalized anxiety disorder 7-item scale(GAD-7) and the patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9).@*Results@#Compared with the control group, the PHQ-9 scores in the refractory RAU, common RAU, OLP and BMS groups were higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05), and the GAD-7 scores in the refractory RAU, OLP and BMS groups were higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). In the RAU group, the GAD-7 score of intractable RAU was higher than that of common RAU (P < 0.05), and there was no significant difference in the PHQ-9 score (P > 0.05).@*Conclusion @#RAU, OLP and BMS are common psychosomatic diseases presented by patients in the Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases. Their occurrence and development are related to the psychological status of patients. A tendency toward anxiety is significantly more common among refractory RAU patients than common RAU patients.